منابع مشابه
The Three Rs
The term “the three Rs” in science refers to replacement, reduction, and refinement, a set of guiding principles for more humane use of animals in research and testing: replacement of animals with nonsentient alternatives; reduction of the number of animals used to the minimum consistent with achieving the scientific objectives; and refinement of scientific procedures and husbandry to minimize ...
متن کاملThe Three Rs in India.
Historically, the use of animals for research has been important in the biomedical sciences and in the field of toxicology, but there are ethical obligations on the scientific community to follow the Three Rs of animal experimentation1 (i.e. Refinement, Reduction and Replacement), whenever it is feasible. There are also scientific, economic and regulatory restrictions, as well as societal conce...
متن کاملThe three Rs: the way forward.
Laws that mandate replacement alternatives, reduction alternatives, and refinement alternatives (the Three Rs) in scientific research have been passed in the United Kingdom, Germany, the Netherlands, the United States, and the European Union over the past decade. Full implementation of this newly developed legislation depends upon scientists' ability to understand animal welfare issues and to a...
متن کاملApplying the Three Rs in Acute Ecotoxicity
The assessment of the adverse effects of chemicals and other stressors on the environment is a difficult task because of the complex network of species and physicochemical factors interrelated in a given ecosystem. Since it is almost impossible to perform tests in complete ecosystems, ecotoxicity testing has to rely on simplified testing systems, but should still be as representative for the wh...
متن کاملThe three Rs and biomedical research.
Editorial Staff Assistant Managing Editor: Dawn McCoy Senior Editors: Eleanore Butz, R. Brooks Hanson, Pamela J. Hines, Barbara Jasny, Katrina L. Kelner, Paula A. Kiberstis, Linda J. Miller, L. Bryan Ray, Phillip D. Szuromi, David F. Voss Associate Editors: Gilbert J. Chin, Suki Parks, Linda R. Rowan Letters: Christine Gilbert, Editor; Steven S. Lapham, Assistant Letters Editor, Charlene King, ...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Harvard Law Review
سال: 1989
ISSN: 0017-811X
DOI: 10.2307/1341275